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Let's recap it up and then I want you to weigh in

from the late 16th to the early 19th centuries, some 12 million Africans were transported via the Middle Passage, unknown millions more dying en route 1 o Second or middle leg in triangular trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and America 1/5 salves died before reaching New World Ship captains threw sick overboard to avoid spread of epidemics Less than 5% of slaves carried to New World actually stayed in mainland North America o Most went to Brazil or West Indies o High death rate on sugar plantations led to constant demand Chesapeake Slavery By mid-18th century, 3 distinct slave systems were entrenched in Britains colonies: o Tobacco-based plantations in Chesapeake o Rice-based plantations in South Carolina and Georgia o Nonplantation slavery in New England and Middle Colonies Chesapeake slaves worked in o Tobacco fields o Teamsters o Boatmen o o o Skilled crafts Women became cooks, seamstresses, diary maids, personal servants Common on small farms and plantations o Nearly of Virginias white families owned at least 1 slave in 1770 Chesapeake hierarchy of freedom o Top: large planters o Lesser planters and landowning yeomen o Bottom: large population of convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmers, slaves Race became a line of social division o Free blacks were dangerous and undesirable Lost right to employ white servants Lost right to bear arms Subjected to special taxes Punished for striking a white person Voting privileges revoked for free property-owning blacks Free blacks sent out of colony The Rice Kingdom Staple crop: Rice and indigo (crop producing blue dye) o Economic development o Large importation of slaves o Divide between races Rice production required large plantations (needed to drain swamps and create irrigation systems) o Planters owned more land and slaves than Chesapeake o Mosquitos bearing Malaria flourished in watery rice fields Slaves developed partial immunity Planters left control to overseers Chesapeake: o Slaves under constant supervision o Task system: individual slaves assigned daily jobs, completion allowed leisure time The Georgia Experiment 1732, Georgia founded by philanthropist James Oglethrope 2 o o Wanted to improve conditions for imprisoned debtors and abolish slavery Wanted haven for worthy poor of England to have economic opportunity England wanted Georgia because it could protect South Carolina from Spanish in Florida and Indians English colonists fought to repeal a ban on liquor and slavery o Won an elected assembly and the repeal Slavery in the North Unusual for family (even wealthy) to have more than 1 or 2 slaves o Economy not dependent on slave work Slaves worked as farm hands, in artisan shops, as stevedores loading and unloading ships, personal servants Laws less harsh on slaves than the south (less population, less chance of uprising) o marriages recognized by law o severe physical punishment prohibited o o o could bring suits in court could testify against whites own and pass down property Slave Cultures and Slave Resistance Becoming African-American African slaves were diverse (different cultures, languages, religions) o United by slavery itself African Religion in Colonial America Africans believed in spiritual forces in nature and a relationship between the sacred and secular worlds o Colonists deemed their religions superstitious or witchcraft When slaves practiced Christianity, they merged it with their traditional beliefs o God + lesser spirits were worshipped African-American Cultures 3 slave systems produced distinct African-American cultures o Chesapeake o Healthful climate = slaves reproduced their population Large number of yeoman farmers: small landowners (majority of white families in the Old South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves Slaves constantly exposed to white culture Learned English South Carolina and Georgia Rice plantations Extremely harsh conditions Low birth rate o Needed continuous imports of slaves from Africa Rarely encountered whites Constructed African-style houses African names for their children Spoke Gullah (language mixed various African roots) Slaves who labored as servants or skilled workers Liaisons between white owners and slave women o Produced the beginning of a class of free mulattos o North 3 Smaller population Lived in close proximity to whites Enjoyed more ability and access to mainstream life Fewer opportunities to create stable family life or cohesive community (between blacks) Resistance to Slavery Africans linked through experience of slavery Risked lives in effort to resist slavery o Colonial newspapers filled with advertisements for runaway slaves South Carolina and Georgiafled to Florida to uninhabited swamps or to Charlestown or Savannah where they could pass for free Chesapeake and Middle Coloniesfamiliar with white culture so they pretended to be free 1712, first slave uprising in New York o Burnt houses and killed first 9 whites who arrived on scene 1730s and 40s, European and Indian warfare opened door to slave resistance Stono Rebellion: Slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on slave imports o Slaves seized opportunity of War of Jenkins Ear (England vs

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